The IVC was normal (/=2.6 cm) in 24.1% of athletes. Consequences read more. I love to write and share science related Stuff Here on my Website. COVID-19 Screening in the Pediatric Emergency Department. Mild right upper quadrant abdominal pain has been reported to be the result of hepatomegaly and stretching of the hepatic Glisson capsule 1. Varicose Veins. Obstruction can occur in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic veins (Budd-Chiari syndrome Budd-Chiari Syndrome Budd-Chiari syndrome is obstruction of hepatic venous outflow that originates anywhere from the small hepatic veins inside the liver to the inferior vena cava and right atrium. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Inferior vena cava (IVC) is normally 1.5 to 2.5 cm in diameter (measured 3 cm from right atrium). They deliver deoxygenated blood from the liver and other lower digestive organs like the colon, small intestine, stomach, and pancreas, back to the heart; this is done via the IVC. Since the liver serves the important function of filtering blood as it moves from the digestive tract, these veins are particularly important for overall health. We report the first case series of IVCT observed in Taiwan with a brief literature review. Your three main hepatic veins run between the eight segments like borders. Most often, it is caused by conditions that make blood clots more likely to form, including: Abnormal growth of cells in the bone marrow (myeloproliferative disorders). All forms of heart disease (congenital or acquired) are linked to passive hepatic congestion. Other things that can block the hepatic veins include: A blocked hepatic vein can damage your liver and lead to a condition called Budd-Chiari syndrome. Inferior vena cava (IVC) is normally 1.5 to 2.5 cm in diameter (measured 3 cm from right atrium) We describe a 66-year-old man hepatic veins and suprahepatic IVC:early enhancement due to reflux from the atrium, portal vein:diminished, delayed or absent enhancement. The most common presenting symptoms of SVC syndrome are face/neck swelling, distended neck veins, cough, dyspnea, orthopnea, upper extremity swelling, distended chest vein collaterals, and conjunctival suffusion. 001). Normally the right hepatic vein measures <6 mm and, in these patients, its mean is ~9 mm ref needed. Other symptoms include fatigue, abdominal pain, jaundice (a yellowing of the skin), nausea, and bleeding in the esophagus of the throat.. Passive hepatic congestion, also known as congested liver in cardiac disease, describes the stasis of blood in the hepatic parenchyma, due to impaired hepatic venousdrainage, which leads to the dilation of central hepatic veins and hepatomegaly. The average life expectancy for patients who present with malignancy-related SVC syndrome is 6 months, although the prognosis is quite variable depending on the type of malignancy. Unlike other organs, 75% of the liver blood supply is nutrient dense venous blood, entering into the liver from the portal vein while the remaining oxygenated blood supply enters from the hepatic artery as arterial blood. Can you use a Shark steam mop on hardwood floors? Congestive hepatopathy (CH) refers to hepatic abnormalities that result from passive hepatic venous congestion. A Doppler echocardiographic study from the right parasternal approach. Consequences read more . Diffuse obstruction results in congestion of the sinusoids, hepatomegaly, portal hypertension , reduced portal blood flow, ascites , and splenomegaly . 4. The IVC diameter is altered with volume status and respiration, with higher IVC diameter during expiration than inspiration. Diagnosis is based on ultrasonography. Pulmonary blood pressure is normally a lot lower than systemic blood pressure. This is in order to determine the degree of IVC collapse. The liver has a dual blood supply. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal What causes enlargement of the hearts right atrium? The inferior vena cava (IVC) is the largest vein in the body, draining blood from the abdomen, pelvis and lower extremities. Epub 2016 Sep 9. Radiopaedia. Haaga JR, Boll D. CT and MRI of the whole body. Very active in cardio exercise. Passive hepatic congestion: cross-sectional imaging features. The IVC was dilated without inspiratory collapse . Hepatic vein disorders can result in focal or diffuse venous obstruction. Typical structural features of the athlete's heart as defined by echocardiography have been extensively described; however, information concerning extracardiac structures such as the inferior vena cava (IVC) is scarce. Occasionally, the middle and left hepatic veins do not form a singular vein but rather run separately. Accuracy of echocardiographic estimates of pulmonary artery pressures in pulmonary hypertension: insights from the KARUM hemodynamic database. However, . MedHelp is not a medical or healthcare provider and your use of this Site does not create a doctor / patient relationship. At the time the article was last revised Yuranga Weerakkody had no recorded disclosures. 2019. What is the shape of C Indologenes bacteria? Become a Gold Supporter and see no third-party ads. Epub 2021 Jun 19. Learn more about the Merck Manuals and our commitment to Global Medical Knowledge. The other is the portal vein, which delivers blood from your stomach, intestines, and the rest of your digestive system. Manifestations of focal venous obstruction depend on the location. These include:. Kidney Med. form hemopericardium = cardiac tamponade. The veins are key players in the supply chain that moves the blood that delivers nutrients and oxygen to every cell in your body. Without treatment, it can lead to liver failure, cirrhosis (scarring in the liver), or other serious problems. IVC is the inferior vena cava which passes behind the intestines and conveys blood from the lower body to the heart. Hepatic infarction results from hepatic artery disorders. There are several very important reasons to assess the IVC with echocardiography. Paracentesis a procedure that uses a small tube to drain fluid from your abdomen. The .gov means its official. The IVC diameter can be measured either close to its entrance to the right atrium or 1 to 2 cm caudal to the hepatic veinIVC junction (approximately 34 cm from the junction of the IVC and the right atrium). Reference article, Radiopaedia.org (Accessed on 04 Mar 2023) https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-22516, Case 1: congestive hepatopathy and ascites, View Bruno Di Muzio's current disclosures, View Yuranga Weerakkody's current disclosures, see full revision history and disclosures, World Health Organisation 2001 classification of hepatic hydatid cysts, recurrent pyogenic (Oriental) cholangitis, combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (inflammatory pseudotumour), portal vein thrombosis (acute and chronic), cavernous transformation of the portal vein, congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt classification, congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunt classification, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), transient hepatic attenuation differences (THAD), transient hepatic intensity differences (THID), total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR), hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu disease), cystic pancreatic mass differential diagnosis, pancreatic perivascular epithelioid cell tumour (PEComa), pancreatic mature cystic teratoma (dermoid), revised Atlanta classification of acute pancreatitis, acute peripancreatic fluid collection (APFC), hypertriglyceridaemia-induced pancreatitis, pancreatitis associated with cystic fibrosis, low phospholipid-associated cholelithiasis syndrome, diffuse gallbladder wall thickening (differential), focal gallbladder wall thickening (differential), ceftriaxone-associated gallbladder pseudolithiasis, biliary intraepithelial neoplasia (BilIN), intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPNB), intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm (ITPN) of the bile duct, multiple biliary hamartomas (von Meyenburg complexes), dilated IVC/hepatic veins, hepatomegaly, ascites, mean diameter: 8.8 mm (in passive congestion), spectral velocity pattern (lVC & hepatic veins), flattening of Doppler waveform in hepatic veins, to-and-fro motion in hepatic veins and IVC, increased pulsatility of the portal venous Doppler signal, early enhancement of dilated IVC and hepatic veins due to contrast reflux from the right atrium into IVC, heterogeneous, mottled and reticulated mosaic parenchymal pattern with areas of poor enhancement, peripheral large patchy areas of poor/delayed enhancement, periportal low attenuation (perivascular lymphoedema). 3. We propose that in healthy subjects (without volume overload, pericardial disease, and right heart abnormalities), dilated IVC may be a marker of decreased abdominal venous tone and/or increased compliance. 8 What does a dilated inferior vena cava mean? Radiologically, it is most appreciable on portovenous phase imaging on cross-sectional imaging. Your doctor will ask you about your symptoms and will look for signs of Budd-Chiari, such as ascites (swelling in the abdomen). Eight Taiwanese patients with IVCT between May 2012 and December 2019 were enrolled in this study. What are the pros and cons of taking fish oil for heart health? Would you like email updates of new search results? He currently practices in Westfield, New Jersey. "Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world. The inferior vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from your liver and the lower half of your body to the right side of your heart. Clinical findings in these patients are dominated by those of right-sided heart failure. Learn what happens before, during and after a heart attack occurs. How is Budd-Chiari syndrome diagnosed? All rights reserved. The vitelline vein contributes to the hepatic segment of the IVC. Correlation was found between IVC size and VO(2) max (r = 0.81, P <.001) and the right ventricle (r = 0.81, P <.001) and with collapsibility index (r = -0.57, P <.05). Before 1. Uncommonly, aneurysms Hepatic Artery Aneurysms Aneurysms of the hepatic artery are uncommon. When portal vein blood flow increases, hepatic artery flow decreases and vice versa (the hepatic arterial buffer response). Although Bartrum and Crow 2 first described "Playboy Bunny" appearance, with the head being the inferior cava and the ears the hepatic veins, in a normal subject, "Playboy Bunny" sign has been used as an impressive hallmark in passive hepatic congestion. Following the recommendations of ASE guidelines developed in conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography (EAE), the IVC was described as small when the diameter was <1.2 cm, normal when the diameter measured between 1.2 and 1.7 cm, and dilated when it measured >1.72.5 cm, markedly dilated when it > . A) hepatic artery B) intestinal tract C) splenic artery D) peripheral venous system B) intestinal tract The arterial supply to the gallbladder is via the: A) hepatic artery B) superior mesenteric artery C) cystic artery D) gastroduodenal artery C) cystic artery The portal venous system receives blood from all of the following except the: The implantation of the IVC filter involves a local anesthetic and numbing medication injected in your skin in the area that the IVC filter will be inserted, preventing discomfort during the surgery. ISBN:0721648363. Suppurative thrombophlebitis of the IVC is even a more uncommon subtype of IVC thrombosis and is mostly associated with IVC filters or venous catheters. Variations to the anatomy of the hepatic veins are not uncommon and occur in approximately 30% of the population. It is located at the posterior abdominal wall on the right side of the aorta. Is it OK to get pregnant when my IVC is dilated? When the inspiratory collapse is less than 50%, the RA pressure is usually between 10 and 15 mm Hg. We disclaim all responsibility for the professional qualifications and licensing of, and services provided by, any physician or other health providers posting on or otherwise referred to on this Site and/or any Third Party Site. Doctors use echocardiograms to help them diagnose heart problems, such as damaged cardiac tissue, chamber enlargement, stiffening of the heart muscle, blood clots in the heart, fluid around the heart, and damaged or poorly functioning heart valves. Factors Increasing Central Venous Pressure. The vessel contracts and expands with each respiration. The hepatic artery may be occluded Hepatic Artery Occlusion Causes of hepatic artery occlusion include thrombosis (eg, due to hypercoagulability disorders, severe arteriosclerosis, or vasculitis), emboli (eg, due to endocarditis, tumors, therapeutic read more . Torabi M, Hosseinzadeh K, Federle MP. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the MeSH terms Adolescent, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6VlG3kv28Y. This phasicity is dependent on varia-tions in central venous pressure during the cardiac cycle. In addition, there may be one singular, rather than multiple, caudate lobe veins. Our study aims to analysis the imaging types and clinical value of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) invading and completely blocking . Inferior vena cava thrombosis (IVCT) is rare and can be under-recognized. Epub 2014 Feb 27. Those who suffer symptoms are usually put on blood thinners, told to wear compression socks, and sent home to live with what can become a debilitating condition. These veins vary in size between 6 and 15 millimeters (mm) in diameter, and theyre named after the corresponding part of the liver that they cover. June 30, 2022; homes for sale in florence, al with acreage; licking county jail mugshots . IVC diameter was determined in the subxiphoid approach 10 to 20 mm away from its junction to the right atrium. Systemic venous diameters, collapsibility indices, and right atrial measurements in normal pediatric subjects. liver enhancement pattern:reticulated mosaic pattern of low signal intensity linear markings which become more homogenous in 1-2 minutes. The IVC might be dilated in various euvolemic conditions, including pulmonary hypertension and valvulopathies, and it might also be dilated as normal physiologic variance in trained athletes. The inferior vena cava (IVC) is the largest vein in the body, draining blood from the abdomen, pelvis and lower extremities. Applicable To. The IVC diameter ranged from 0.97 to 2.26cm during expiration and from 0.46 to 1.54cm during inspiration. causes of dilated ivc and hepatic veins. 2021 Sep;37(9):2637-2645. doi: 10.1007/s10554-021-02315-y. Inferior vena cava syndrome (IVCS) is a sequence of signs and symptoms that refers to obstruction or compression of the inferior vena cava (IVC). When the abnormal pericardium limits diastolic filling, there are a series of hemodynamic consequences which manifest as fatigue, dyspnea, abdominal bloating, peripheral edema, or right heart failure. Mosby. What are some indications for evaluating the IVC with ultrasound? Mild right upper quadrant abdominal pain has been reported to be the result of hepatomegaly and stretching of the hepatic Glisson capsule 1. Portal venous shunts are abnormal communications between portal and systemic venous systems (portosystemic shunts), or between the PVS and the hepatic artery (arterioportal shunts). Usually 10 mm Hg is added to TR gradient to get the RVSP. At 3.8 cm left atrium should be normal,but did they measure left atrial cavity area during systole? The link you have selected will take you to a third-party website. Utomi V, Oxborough D, Whyte GP, Somauroo J, Sharma S, Shave R, Atkinson G, George K. Heart. Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is a manifestation of hepatic venous outflow obstruction that was first described by Budd in 1845 and then expounded on by Chiari, who presented 13 cases in 1899. Anatomically, theyre often used as landmarks indicating portions of the liver, though there can be a great deal of variation in their structure.. WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. 7 Hyperdynamic PHT is the least common type. Most common causes of passive hepatic congestion 4: congestive heart failure restrictive cardiomyopathy or constrictive pericarditis right-sided valvular disease involving the tricuspid or pulmonary valve pulmonary-related right heart failure hepatic cirrhosis is the leading cause of portal hypertension and is usually . Liver biopsies and . The livers tasks include converting nutrients passed from your digestive tract into energy, getting rid of toxins, and sorting out waste that your kidneys flush out as pee. IVC plethora indicates high right atrial pressure and an overfilled and less compliant venous system. I87.8 is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. Sharma M, Somani P, Rameshbabu C. Linear endoscopic ultrasound evaluation of hepatic veins. IVC <1.5 cm suggests volume depletion. World J Gastrointest Endosc. Cause: prolonged standing. In most cases, the right hepatic vein will be whats affected. In adults, an IVC collapsibility index of greater than 50% is associated with reduced right atrial pressure and severe dehydration, and indicates that the patient needs fluid therapy(23). My thesis aimed to study dynamic agrivoltaic systems, in my case in arboriculture. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved, Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. 2016 Dec;42(12):2794-2802. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.07.003. Passive hepatic congestion, also known as congested liver in cardiac disease, describes the stasis of blood in the hepatic parenchyma, due to impaired hepatic venousdrainage, which leads to the dilation of central hepatic veins and hepatomegaly. The collapsibility index was 58% +/- 6.4% in athletes compared with 70.2% +/- 4.9% in the control group (P <. Asymptomatic elevation of serum liver enzymes may also occur 4. Measurements taken at the junction of the right atrium and IVC are not equivalent to the other sites; clinicians should avoid measuring percentage collapse of . Sometimes surgery can widen the veins or switch blood flow from one vein to another. 7). In absence of a congenital anomaly, the most common cause of IVC thrombosis is the presence of an unretrieved IVC filter. IVC dilatation probably represents adaptation of an extracardiac structure to chronic strenuous exercise in top-level, elite athletes. Venkateshvaran A, Seidova N, Tureli HO, Kjellstrm B, Lund LH, Tossavainen E, Lindquist P. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Although the liver has a dual blood supply, the hepatic veins provide the sole route of egress for blood exiting the liver. Passive hepatic congestion is a well-studied result of acute or chronic right-sided heart failure. Early in the course of the disease, the main abnormality is enlargement of the right hepatic lobe. Large IVC aneurysm (A, dash circle) associated with dilated left renal veins (A, arrows) and left renal vein thrombosis (B, star). Careers. Dilated cardiomyopathy is an infrequent cause of portal hypertension and portosystemic collaterals. Passive hepatic congestion. From there, the blood flows to your lungs, where it takes on fresh oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide as you breathe. Get the facts in this Missouri Medicine report. Measuring read more , blood-filled cystic spaces develop in the sinusoids (microvascular anastomoses between the portal and hepatic veins). What is normal IVC size? The three main hepatic veins link up at the top of your liver at the inferior vena cava, a large vein that drains the liver to your right heart chamber. Causes of splenomegaly are myriad, as are the read more . General imaging differential considerations include: Please Note: You can also scroll through stacks with your mouse wheel or the keyboard arrow keys. Congenital thrombosis of the IVC is often asymptomatic which is caused by well-developed collaterals. Mesin L, Policastro P, Albani S, Petersen C, Sciarrone P, Taddei C, Giannoni A. J Clin Med. If you suspect you have any of these issues, be sure to seek out medical attention as soon as possible. Haaga JR, Boll D. CT and MRI of the whole body. As noted above, problems of the liver can impact the hepatic veins and vice-versa. The cause is often a blood clot or growth. The 2023 edition of ICD-10-CM I87.8 became effective on October 1, 2022. A couple of the more important are to determine right atrial pressure or central venous pressure, determining the pulmonary artery pressure as well as assessing fluid levels in the patient. The segmental anatomy of the liver as defined by the French surgeon Claude Couinaud [] divides the liver into eight segments, with portal vein branches at the center and hepatic veins at the periphery.The right, middle, and left hepatic veins enter the . All forms of heart disease (congenital or acquired) are linked to passive hepatic congestion. Signs and symptoms of tricuspid valve regurgitation may include: Fatigue. Radiographics. What is prominent IVC and hepatic veins? Mosby. Others may undergo an invasive surgery to try to correct the condition. ] Can depression and anxiety cause heart disease? Most common causes of passive hepatic congestion 4: congestive heart failure restrictive cardiomyopathy or constrictive pericarditis right-sided valvular disease involving the tricuspid or pulmonary valve pulmonary-related right heart failure They tend to be saccular and multiple. It is necessary to have the patient perform a sniff during the evaluation of the IVC. Privacy Policy 2. pump failure over days to weeks. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Bottom Line. Changing the subject to share a new Medical issue. 2016. Minagoe S, Yoshikawa J, Yoshida K, Akasaka T, Shakudo M, Maeda K, Tei C. Circulation. Ultrasound evaluation of the inferior vena cava (IVC) provides rapid, noninvasive assessment of a patients hemodynamic status at the bedside. This results in a micronodular cirrhosis, which is indistinguishable from cirrhosis produced by other causes 2. Patients with inferior vena caval (IVC) thrombosis (IVCT) may present with a spectrum of signs and symptoms. We do not control or have responsibility for the content of any third-party site. But how IVC looks like depends on how the patientis breathing, spontaneouslyvs mechanically ventilated. The IVCs function is to carry the venous blood from the lower limbs and abdominopelvic region to the heart. What is portal circulation? It divides your livers right lobe from front to back. . Hepatology. CT of nonneoplastic hepatic vascular and perfusion disorders. Treatment read more due to a hypercoagulable state, a vessel wall lesion (eg, pylephlebitis, omphalitis), an adjacent lesion (eg, pancreatitis Overview of Pancreatitis Pancreatitis is classified as either acute or chronic. Diffuse obstruction results in congestion of the sinusoids, hepatomegaly, portal hypertension Portal Hypertension Portal hypertension is elevated pressure in the portal vein. erica and rick marrying millions still together 2021 . It can be caused by physical invasion or compression by a pathological process or by thrombosis within the vein itself. Venous Excess Doppler Ultrasound for the Nephrologist: Pearls and Pitfalls. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. Irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias) Pulsing in the neck. Inferior Vena Cava may appear congested when its dilated without any respiratory variation collapsed with very small diameter through the respiratory cycle, or compliant and vary through respiratory cycle. a. Hepatic artery b. Intestinal tract c. Splenic artery d. Peripheral venous system, The arterial supply to the gallbladder is via the: a. Hepatic artery b. The middle hepatic vein is the longest. Obstruction of this vein can be caused by a tumor or growth pressing on the vessel, or by a clot in the vessel (hepatic vein thrombosis). o [ abdominal pain pediatric ] ADVERTISEMENT: Radiopaedia is free thanks to our supporters and advertisers. This condition is characterised by bacterial thrombophlebitis in the hepatic venous opening of IVC which on resolution could form a membrane or a stenosis or a thick obstruction followed by collaterals. How does the braking system work in a car? The left hepatic vein divides the left lobe from left to right. Abstract Case Description3 dogs were examined because of Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS), which is an obstruction of venous blood flow located between the liver and the junction of the caudal vena cava and right atrium. Inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis is a rare medical condition. A lack of pulsatility or continuous waveform in the hepatic vein may indicate compression or They can be congenital or acquired and occur within or outside the liver. Cureus is on a mission to change the long-standing paradigm of medical publishing, where submitting research can be costly, complex and time-consuming. Other ancillary findings in such cases include dilated IVC (diameter >2.5 cm) and hepatic veins with abnormal spectral waveform [13]. Most common causes of passive hepatic congestion 4: Early in the course of the disease, the main abnormality is enlargement of the right hepatic lobe. All forms of heart disease (congenital or acquired) are linked to passive hepatic congestion. The three main hepatic veins link up at the top of your liver at the inferior vena cava, a large vein that drains the liver to your right heart chamber. An IVC diameter greater than 20 mm is commonly regarded as an upper limit of normal, which is a noninvasive indication of increased RA pressure in patients with cardiac or renal disease [4]. The job of the hepatic veins is to move this blood out of your liver. {"url":"/signup-modal-props.json?lang=us"}, Di Muzio B, Weerakkody Y, Rock P, et al. Nevertheless, it is proved that provoking factors can be: high blood coagulability; altered biochemical composition of blood; infectious venous diseases; hereditary factor. 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC. Use for phrases general atomics hourly pay how does felix react to the monster the chosen by taran matharu summary. 2. Your heart valves open and close properly. General imaging differential considerations include: Please Note: You can also scroll through stacks with your mouse wheel or the keyboard arrow keys. 3. Fish Oil Capsules and Supplementation for Heart Disease: The Benefits and Side Effects. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. It can be caused by physical invasion or compression by a pathological process or by thrombosis within the vein itself. Download : Download high-res image (384KB) Download : Download full-size image . Enter search terms to find related medical topics, multimedia and more. Background: Hepatic portal vein collateral circulation plays an important role in maintaining the perfusion of hepatic portal vein.However, at present, there is little research on collateral circulation of hepatic portal vein. All rights reserved. The IVC diameter is affected by right heart function, as well as conditions like IVC aneurysm or Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS), which directly or indirectly increase the volume of the blood in the right heart or increase the back pressure on the systemic circulation ultimately leading to IVC dilation [2,3]. Manifestations read more ) or in the intrahepatic terminal hepatic venules and hepatic sinusoids (sinusoidal obstruction syndrome Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome Hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome is caused by endothelial injury, leading to nonthrombotic occlusion of the terminal hepatic venules and hepatic sinusoids, rather than of the hepatic read more , previously called veno-occlusive disease) but often occurs in both. Clots of the hepatic veins lead to a rare disorder called Budd-Chiari syndrome. This disease is characterized by swelling in the liver, and spleen, caused by the interrupted blood flow as a result of these blockages. It also increases pressure on these veins, and fluid may build up in the abdomen. It is caused most often by cirrhosis (in North America), schistosomiasis (in endemic areas), or hepatic vascular abnormalities. 2014 Mar;29(2):241-5. doi: 10.3904/kjim.2014.29.2.241. Expandable metallic stents have been used to treat IVC compression caused by hepatic tumors [11]. 7 In the United States, alcohol-induced cirrhosis and viral-induced cirrhosis are the most common causes of PHT. Zakim D, Boyer TD. Other causes of portal hypertension include blood clots in the portal vein, blockages of the veins that carry the blood from the liver to the heart, a parasitic infection called.